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Het evidence-based medicine principe indachtig, is het duidelijk dat systemen ter ondersteuning van klinische beslissingen zeer nuttige hulpmiddelen kunnen zijn in de klinische praktijk. Er zijn ontelbare toepassingen voor dergelijke systemen, deels door de vooruitgang in het domein van de computationele intelligentie. Deze systemen helpen clinici bij het nemen van belangrijke beslissingen, maar kunnen hen uiteraard niet vervangen. Het blijkt echter niet eenvoudig om goede systemen te implementeren in de klinische praktijk. Het is belangrijk dat dergelijke systemen gestoeld zijn op een intense samenwerking tussen de systeemontwikkelaars en de uiteindelijke gebruikers, zodat ze beantwoorden aan de reele noden van deze gebruikers. Ook is het essentieel dat de systemen uitgebreid getest worden om een goed beeld te krijgen van hun performantie. In deze thesis werden wiskundige modellen ontwikkeld voor de diagnose van ovariumtumoren en zwangerschappen van onbekende lokatie. Een snelle en accurate diagnose is voor beide condities nodig om een zo goed mogelijke beslissing inzake de behandeling te kunnen nemen. Er werd gewerkt met probabilistische modellen aangezien de mate van onzekerheid met betrekking tot een bepaalde diagnose een invloed heeft op de beslissingen van de behandelende arts. Het gaat in beide situaties over meerklasse classificatie, wat minder eenvoudig is dan binaire classificatie. De modellen zijn gebaseerd op logistieke regressie, Bayesiaanse kleinste kwadraten support vector machines, Bayesiaanse meerlaagse perceptrons, en kernel logistieke regressie. De modellen werden ontwikkeld door nauw samen te werken met gynaecologen, en resulteerden in goede en betrouwbare voorspellingen. De modellen voor ovariumtumoren zijn gebaseerd op multicentrische data en hebben met succes prospectieve interne en prospectieve externe validaties doorstaan. De modellen voor zwangerschappen van onbekende lokatie zijn gebaseerd op data van een centrum en hebben een eerste interne evaluatie doorstaan. Op dit moment loopt er een multicentrische studie met de bedoeling de modellen voor zwangerschappen van onbekende lokatie uitvoerig te testen en om nieuwe modellen op te stellen. Building upon the ideas of evidence-based medicine, clinical decision support systems can be very helpful tools in clinical practice. A vast range of tools is available for building such systems, partly fed by the growing field of computational intelligence. Decision support systems can assist (but not replace) medical personnel when facing important patient-related decisions. However, it turns out that it is not trivial to implement qualitative decision support systems into everyday clinical practice. These systems need to emerge from intense collaboration between their developers and end-users such that the systems fill up clinical needs. Also, the systems need to be rigorously evaluated to show their functionality and to convince clinicians to implement them. In this thesis, mathematical models were developed for the diagnosis of ovarian tumors and pregnancies of unknown location. In both situations, an accurate diagnosis is necessary such that optimal treatment decisions can be made. The focus was on probabilistic models since uncertainty information is vital in medical decision making. Both conditions represent multi-class classification problems, which are less straightforward than binary problems. The models are based on logistic regression, Bayesian least squares support vector machines, Bayesian multi-layer perceptrons, and kernel logistic regression. The models were built in collaboration with gynecologists, and resulted in accurate predictions. The ovarian tumor models were based on multi-center data and have successfully passed prospective internal and prospective external evaluation. The models for pregnancy of unknown location were based on single center data and have passed a first internal evaluation. However, a large multi-center study is ongoing, aiming for a thorough validation and for the development of new models for pregnancies of unknown location. Dit doctoraat spitst zich in hoofdzaak toe op ovariumtumoren en zwangerschappen van onbekende lokatie. De beste behandeling voor ovariumtumoren hangt af van het type tumor. Het toepassen van een aangepaste behandeling kan belangrijke gevolgen hebben, zoals verminderd herval in geval van kwaadaardige tumoren (ovariumkanker). Daarom is het belangrijk om een zo goed mogelijke diagnose te stellen alvorens een chirurgische ingreep uit te voeren. Zwangerschappen van onbekende lokatie zijn zwangerschappen die men niet kan lokaliseren met behulp van echografie. Dergelijke zwangerschappen blijken achteraf normale zwangerschappen, falende zwangerschappen, of buitenbaarmoederlijke zwangerschappen te zijn. In al deze gevallen is de opvolging verschillend, en bovendien kunnen buitenbaarmoederlijke zwangerschappen gevaarlijk zijn aangezien het embryo kan barsten. Daarom is het aangewezen om zo snel mogelijk te voorspellen over welk soort zwangerschap het gaat. Wiskundige modellen kunnen helpen om dergelijke diagnoses te stellen: ze werken objectief en leggen bloot welke factoren een rol spelen. Dergelijke modellen dienen om de arts te ondersteunen en kunnen/mogen de arts niet vervangen. Idealiter worden modellen ontwikkeld met de bedoeling ze routinematig te laten gebruiken door de artsen. Mogelijke problemen om dit doel te bereiken zijn een gebrekkige samenwerking tussen de mensen die de modellen ontwikkelen en de eindgebruikers, en het ontbreken van studies die aantonen dat de modellen betrouwbaar en nuttig zijn. In dit doctoraat werden wiskundige modellen ontwikkeld in nauwe samenwerking met gynaecologen. Er werd gewerkt met modellen die kansschattingen geven voor verschillende diagnoses. Dit is belangrijk, aangezien artsen hun beslissingen mee laten afhangen van de zekerheid van hun diagnose. Er werden modellen ontwikkeld die voorspellen of een ovariumtumor goed- of kwaadaardig is, maar ook modellen die proberen een onderscheid te maken tussen verschillende soorten kwaadaardige tumoren. Deze modellen werden uitvoerig getest in verschillende ziekenhuizen. De resultaten tonen aan dat de modellen heel goede voorspellingen maken, zelfs om bijvoorbeeld borderline tumoren te identificeren. De gegeven kansschattingen blijken ook betrouwbaar, dit wil zeggen dat een kansschatting voor een bepaalde diagnose vrij goed overeenstemt met de echte kans. De modellen om een diagnose te stellen bij zwangerschappen van onbekende lokatie bleken ook heel goede voorspellingen te geven, zelfs om buitenbaarmoederlijke zwangerschappen te identificeren. Een uitgebreide evaluatie van deze modellen is op dit moment aan de gang. Deze bevindingen zijn hoopgevend, omdat blijkt dat het mogelijk is om ovariumtumoren en zwangerschappen van onbekende lokatie snel en accuraat te beoordelen. De wiskundige modellen zijn daarom interessante hulpmiddelen voor artsen. Verder onderzoek zal zich in de eerste plaats toespitsen op een verdere evaluatie van de modellen, in de hoop dat we artsen ervan kunnen overtuigen dat het de moeite waard is om ze te gebruiken in hun dagelijkse praktijk. Het is dan ook de bedoeling om de modellen te implementeren in softwarepakketten.

Academic collection --- 681.3*E --- 001.8:61 --- 681.3*I21 <043> --- Data --- Methodologie in de wetenschap-:-Geneeskunde. Hygiëne. Farmacie --- Applications and expert systems (Artificial intelligence). Cartography. Games. Industrial automation. Law. Medicine and science. Natural language interfaces. Office automation--See also {681.3*H4}; {681.3*J}--Dissertaties --- Theses --- 681.3*I21 <043> Applications and expert systems (Artificial intelligence). Cartography. Games. Industrial automation. Law. Medicine and science. Natural language interfaces. Office automation--See also {681.3*H4}; {681.3*J}--Dissertaties --- 001.8:61 Methodologie in de wetenschap-:-Geneeskunde. Hygiëne. Farmacie --- 681.3*E Data

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Solar sailing is a topic of growing popular and media interest. Solar sail propulsion will make space exploration more affordable and offer access to destinations within (and beyond) the solar system that are currently beyond our reach. This book describes solar sails, how they work and what they will be used for in the exploration of space in an easily readable manner which does not necessitate any prior knowledge of physics or solar sailing. It discusses current plans for solar sails and also describes how advanced technology, such as nanotechnology, might enhance solar-sail performance. Much has been accomplished recently to make solar sail technology very close to becoming an engineering reality and it will soon be used by the world’s space agencies in the exploration of the solar system and beyond. The book has four parts, each with multiple chapters which, in turn, contain some references and suggested further reading. Parts 1 - 3 are non-mathematical, while Part 4 contains more detailed technical information.

Engineering. --- Aerospace Technology and Astronautics. --- Popular Science in Mathematics/Computer Science/Natural Science/Technology. --- Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Sciences. --- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology. --- Astronomy. --- Astrophysics. --- Mathematics. --- Astronautics. --- Ingénierie --- Astronomie --- Astrophysique --- Mathématiques --- Astronautique --- Solar sails. --- Solar sails --- Aeronautics Engineering & Astronautics --- Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Space vehicles --- Propulsion systems. --- Interplanetary propulsion --- Space flight propulsion systems --- Space propulsion --- Photon sails --- Sails, Photon --- Sails, Solar --- Cosmology. --- Space sciences. --- Popular works. --- Aerospace engineering. --- Popular Science, general. --- Propulsion systems --- Science (General). --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Space sciences --- Aeronautics --- Astrodynamics --- Space flight --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science --- Aeronautical engineering --- Astronautics --- Engineering

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This book offers an overview of neuroscience research performed in space since the observations made during the first manned space flights to the detailed scientific investigations currently being carried out onboard the International Space Station. This book is for the general scientific reader. Each project and the reason why it was done is described with illustrations, rationale and hypothesis, and a summary of results. Also, reference lists guide readers to the published papers from experiments. This book is a legacy of what we have learned on brain mechanisms and functions through research done in space, and a guide for what could be investigated in the future. Dr. Millard (Mill) Reschke (left) and Dr. Gilles Clément (right), have conducted research primarily in the areas of spatial orientation, sensorimotor function, postural ataxia, space motion sickness, and visual-vestibular performance. Dr. Clément is Director of Research at the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) in Toulouse, France. Dr. Reschke is NASA's Senior Neuroscientist and sensorimotor science lead at the Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas. Both together and individually they have participated as investigators for experiments on nearly 100 different space flights ranging from the Apollo missions, Skylab, Shuttle, Salyut, Mir, and the International Space Station. They are currently involved with developing sensorimotor countermeasures for long-duration space flight, experiments on board the ISS and assisting with preparations for the future lunar and Mars flights.

Space research --- Physiology of nerves and sense organs --- Engineering. --- Aerospace Technology and Astronautics. --- Neurology. --- Astrobiology. --- Popular Science in Medicine and Health. --- Popular Science in Mathematics/Computer Science/Natural Science/Technology. --- Mathematics. --- Medicine. --- Astronautics. --- Ingénierie --- Neurologie --- Mathématiques --- Médecine --- Astronautique --- Central nervous system --- Space flight --- Weightlessness --- Neurosciences --- Medicine --- Hypogravity --- Nervous System --- Gravity, Altered --- Health Occupations --- Anatomy --- Central Nervous System --- Aerospace Medicine --- Gravitation --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Astronomical Processes --- Physical Processes --- Physical Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Aeronautics Engineering & Astronautics --- Transportation Medicine & Physiology --- Effect of space flight on --- Physiological effect --- Weightlessness. --- Neurosciences. --- Effect of space flight on. --- Physiological effect. --- International Space Station. --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Free fall, Physiological effect of --- Gravity-free state, Physiological effect of --- Subgravity state, Physiological effect of --- Zero-gravity state, Physiological effect of --- Manned space flight --- Nervous system, Central --- ISS (International Space Station) --- I.S.S. (International Space Station) --- Popular works. --- Health. --- Aerospace engineering. --- Popular Science, general. --- Space biology --- Space medicine --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system --- Gravity --- Science (General). --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Astrobiology --- Biology --- Habitable planets --- Life --- Neuropsychiatry --- Space sciences --- Aeronautics --- Astrodynamics --- Space vehicles --- Origin --- Diseases --- Health Workforce --- Neurology . --- Medicine . --- Personal health --- Wellness --- Physiology --- Holistic medicine --- Hygiene --- Well-being --- Aeronautical engineering --- Astronautics --- Engineering

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Comparative Genomics, Volume 1, provides a collection of robust protocols for molecular biologists beginning to use comparative genomic analysis tools in a variety of areas. Volume I contains the first four of seven sections. In the first section, the reader is introduced to genomes via a number of visualization tools that allow one to browse through a particular genome of interest. The second and third sections deal with comparative analysis at the level of individual sequences, and present methods useful in sequence alignment, the discovery of conserved sequence motifs, and the analysis of codon usage. The fourth section deals with the identification and structural characterization of non-coding RNA genes — this class of genes is particularly difficult to predict, and discovery of these elements is almost completely reliant on comparative genomics. Given the tremendous increase in available biosequence data over the past ten years, Comparative Genomics, Volume 1, is timely, comprehensive, and novel. A companion Volume 2 is also available from Humana Press.

Genomics --- Nucleotide sequence --- Methods --- Sequence Analysis --- Genetic Techniques --- Genetics --- Investigative Techniques --- Computational Biology --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Biology --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Methodology --- Natural Sciences --- Physical Sciences --- Discipline, Natural Science --- Disciplines, Natural Science --- Natural Science --- Natural Science Discipline --- Physical Science --- Science, Natural --- Science, Physical --- Sciences, Natural --- Sciences, Physical --- Biologic Sciences --- Biological Science --- Science, Biological --- Sciences, Biological --- Biological Sciences --- Life Sciences --- Biologic Science --- Biological Science Discipline --- Discipline, Biological Science --- Disciplines, Biological Science --- Life Science --- Science Discipline, Biological --- Science Disciplines, Biological --- Science, Biologic --- Science, Life --- Sciences, Biologic --- Sciences, Life --- Bio-Informatics --- Biology, Computational --- Computational Molecular Biology --- Bioinformatics --- Molecular Biology, Computational --- Bio Informatics --- Bio-Informatic --- Bioinformatic --- Biologies, Computational Molecular --- Biology, Computational Molecular --- Computational Molecular Biologies --- Molecular Biologies, Computational --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Genetic Technic --- Genetic Technics --- Genetic Technique --- Technic, Genetic --- Technics, Genetic --- Technique, Genetic --- Techniques, Genetic --- Analysis, Sequence --- Determination, Sequence --- Determinations, Sequence --- Sequence Determinations --- Sequence Determination --- Analyses, Sequence --- Sequence Analyses --- Methodological Studies --- Methodological Study --- Procedures --- Studies, Methodological --- Study, Methodological --- Method --- Procedure --- Analysis, Nucleic acid sequence --- Analysis, Nucleotide sequence --- Base sequence (Nucleic acids) --- DNA sequence --- Nucleic acid sequence analysis --- Nucleotide sequence analysis --- RNA sequence --- Sequence, Nucleotide --- Genome research --- Genomes --- methods --- Research --- Life sciences. --- Human genetics. --- Biochemistry. --- Cell biology. --- Life Sciences. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Human Genetics. --- Cell Biology. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Biosciences --- Science --- Composition --- Cytology. --- Genètica humana --- Antropologia física --- Biologia humana --- Genètica --- Herència humana --- Citogenètica humana --- Cromosomes humans --- Genètica de poblacions humanes --- Genètica mèdica --- Genètica molecular humana --- Psicologia genètica --- Genoma humà

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Microbial Gene Essentiality: Protocols and Bioinformatics contains a comprehensive collection of experimental and computational strategies and techniques for microbial genome-scale essentiality studies, developed and presented by the leading groups in the field. In addition to wet-lab protocols, the book describes (i) statistical methods essential for planning successful large-scale essentiality screens, as well for data evaluation and analysis; (ii) in-silico prediction of gene essentiality using genome-scale reconstructed metabolic models; and (iii) data integration and comparative analysis in the context of genomic databases. This volume provides researchers with a first-stop guide for choosing the most appropriate strategy for planned essentiality studies. Experimental and computational aspects are equally important in genome-scale gene essentiality analysis, as in all other genomic technologies, and Microbial Gene Essentiality: Protocols and Bioinformatics reflects both of these aspects. All protocols follow the successful Methods in Molecular Biology™ series format, each offering an introduction outlining the principles behind the techniques, step-by-step instructions, lists of the necessary equipment and reagents, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding pitfalls, and are intended for both novice and expert scientists.

Computational Biology --- Computational biology. --- Genes, Essential --- Genetic Techniques --- Genetics, Microbial --- Genome, Bacterial --- Genomics --- Microbial genetics. --- Microbiological Techniques --- genetics --- methods --- Microbial genetics --- Computational biology --- Genetics --- Laboratory Manuals --- Methods --- Investigative Techniques --- Genome --- Biology --- Clinical Laboratory Techniques --- Microbiology --- Publication Formats --- Genes --- Genetic Structures --- Genome Components --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Publication Characteristics --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Genetic Phenomena --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Phenomena and Processes --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Natural Sciences --- Physical Sciences --- Discipline, Natural Science --- Disciplines, Natural Science --- Natural Science --- Natural Science Discipline --- Physical Science --- Science, Natural --- Science, Physical --- Sciences, Natural --- Sciences, Physical --- Biologic Sciences --- Biological Science --- Science, Biological --- Sciences, Biological --- Biological Sciences --- Life Sciences --- Biologic Science --- Biological Science Discipline --- Discipline, Biological Science --- Disciplines, Biological Science --- Life Science --- Science Discipline, Biological --- Science Disciplines, Biological --- Science, Biologic --- Science, Life --- Sciences, Biologic --- Sciences, Life --- Component, Genome --- Components, Genome --- Genome Component --- Genetic Structure --- Structure, Genetic --- Structures, Genetic --- Cistron --- Gene --- Genetic Materials --- Cistrons --- Genetic Material --- Material, Genetic --- Materials, Genetic --- Diagnoses and Laboratory Examinations --- Diagnosis, Laboratory --- Laboratory Diagnosis --- Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses --- Laboratory Techniques, Clinical --- Clinical Laboratory Technique --- Diagnoses, Laboratory --- Laboratory Diagnoses --- Laboratory Technique, Clinical --- Technique, Clinical Laboratory --- Techniques, Clinical Laboratory --- Genomes --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Methodological Studies --- Methodological Study --- Procedures --- Studies, Methodological --- Study, Methodological --- Method --- Procedure --- Genetic Technic --- Genetic Technics --- Genetic Technique --- Technic, Genetic --- Technics, Genetic --- Technique, Genetic --- Techniques, Genetic --- Microbiologic Technic --- Microbiologic Technics --- Microbiologic Technique --- Microbiological Technics --- Technic, Microbiologic --- Technics, Microbiological --- Technique, Microbiologic --- Techniques, Microbiologic --- Microbiologic Techniques --- Microbiological Technic --- Microbiological Technique --- Technic, Microbiological --- Technics, Microbiologic --- Technique, Microbiological --- Techniques, Microbiological --- Bio-Informatics --- Biology, Computational --- Computational Molecular Biology --- Bioinformatics --- Molecular Biology, Computational --- Bio Informatics --- Bio-Informatic --- Bioinformatic --- Biologies, Computational Molecular --- Biology, Computational Molecular --- Computational Molecular Biologies --- Molecular Biologies, Computational --- Microbial Genetics --- Genetic, Microbial --- Microbial Genetic --- Bacterial Genomes --- Genomes, Bacterial --- Bacterial Genome --- Microorganisms --- Genetic Concepts --- Genetic Phenomenon --- Genetic Process --- Genetic Processes --- Concept, Genetic --- Concepts, Genetic --- Genetic Concept --- Phenomena, Genetic --- Phenomenon, Genetic --- Process, Genetic --- Processes, Genetic --- Genes, House-keeping --- Genes, Housekeeping --- Essential Gene --- Essential Genes --- Gene, Essential --- Gene, House-keeping --- Gene, Housekeeping --- Genes, House keeping --- House-keeping Gene --- House-keeping Genes --- Housekeeping Gene --- Housekeeping Genes --- Biochemistry. --- Cytology. --- Human genetics. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Cell Biology. --- Human Genetics. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Composition